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“We don’t have a clear understanding of what the health effects are on an unborn fetus, but systemic inflammation in a woman who is pregnant may affect her unborn baby,” adds Henderson. Wildfires are a growing health threat, and Henderson says more evidence is needed to show exactly how wildfire smoke affects organs after long-term exposure. “That inflammation affects your lungs, kidneys, liver, and probably your brain,” says Henderson. Unlike a virus, however, particulate matter isn’t broken down by that immune response and results in long-lasting inflammation. Henderson says the body responds by releasing the same immune cells it would deploy to attack a virus. Those small particles, and ones even smaller, are capable of penetrating deep into a person’s lungs. Of particular concern, she says, is particulate matter 2.5 microns in diameter-also referred to as PM 2.5. “It has many different gases in it, and the composition of those small particles can be highly variable, depending on what’s burning how hot it’s burning.” “Wildfire smoke is a very complex type of air pollution,” says Sarah Henderson, an environmental health scientist at the University of British Columbia. The pollutants are measured both by instruments on the ground and satellites that constantly collect information about what’s in the atmosphere-including the particles from wildfires. State and local agencies in cities with populations over 350,000 are required to report these levels daily.

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( Learn more about how to interpret your air quality forecast.) Its scale measures the levels of five major pollutants: ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter. Stretching from 0 to 500, the AQI is split across six categories-from good to hazardous. In the United States, air quality is measured on a color-coded scale known as the Air Quality Index (AQI), which was established in 1977 as part of the Clean Air Act. “Now it’s happening every summer and for longer.” “People were once exposed once or twice in a lifetime,” says Keith Bein, an atmospheric scientist at the University of California, Davis. But what happens to that same individual when they breathe smoky air for extended periods every year is still unclear. When a healthy person breathes in air tinged with smoke from the fires, they may feel a sting in their eyes, and when they cough, they may have trouble recovering their breath. Wildfire smoke contains a variety of gases and particles from the materials that fuel the fire, including ozone, carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic compounds, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter-pollutants linked to respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, according to a study in the Journal of the American Heart Association. The pollution was the result of smoke from Canadian wildfire smoke dispersing and placing millions of people under air quality alerts. On Tuesday evening, New York City had some of the worst air quality in the world.